Topic: A more reasonable photo of my handsome new haircut, fora.
Lemon Drop !CITRUS3QCY started this discussion 11 years ago #44,484
Killer Lettuce !!iNo3FkiZx joined in and replied with this 11 years ago, 9 minutes later[^] [v] #587,287
Personally, I'm not too keen on it. Looks a bit... Plain. I think your usual hairstyle was superior.
Just my opinion, though.
Just my opinion, though.
(Edited 2 minutes later.)
brie joined in and replied with this 11 years ago, 6 seconds later, 9 minutes after the original post[^] [v] #587,288
far more reasonable.
Lemon Drop !CITRUS3QCY (OP) replied with this 11 years ago, 2 minutes later, 12 minutes after the original post[^] [v] #587,291
@587,287 (Killer Lettuce !!iNo3FkiZx)
I agree. She cut it much too short.
@previous (brie)
Thanks, thanks.
I agree. She cut it much too short.
@previous (brie)
Thanks, thanks.
Anonymous D joined in and replied with this 11 years ago, 6 minutes later, 18 minutes after the original post[^] [v] #587,298
And guess what?
You still look like a faggot.
You still look like a faggot.
brie replied with this 11 years ago, 37 seconds later, 19 minutes after the original post[^] [v] #587,299
Anonymous E joined in and replied with this 11 years ago, 3 minutes later, 22 minutes after the original post[^] [v] #587,303
When are you getting it finished?
brie replied with this 11 years ago, 2 minutes later, 25 minutes after the original post[^] [v] #587,305
Lemon Drop !CITRUS3QCY (OP) replied with this 11 years ago, 2 minutes later, 27 minutes after the original post[^] [v] #587,306
Anonymous E replied with this 11 years ago, 14 seconds later, 27 minutes after the original post[^] [v] #587,307
Lemon Drop !CITRUS3QCY (OP) replied with this 11 years ago, 22 seconds later, 27 minutes after the original post[^] [v] #587,308
Anonymous E replied with this 11 years ago, 1 minute later, 28 minutes after the original post[^] [v] #587,310
brie replied with this 11 years ago, 1 minute later, 30 minutes after the original post[^] [v] #587,312
@587,306 (Lemon Drop !CITRUS3QCY)
yes, how could you tell?
@587,307 (E)
haircuts are like 20% of the try0hard club.
@587,308 (Lemon Drop !CITRUS3QCY)
bangs on which the world hangs. thanks.
yes, how could you tell?
@587,307 (E)
haircuts are like 20% of the try0hard club.
@587,308 (Lemon Drop !CITRUS3QCY)
bangs on which the world hangs. thanks.
whore's back riding joined in and replied with this 11 years ago, 5 hours later, 6 hours after the original post[^] [v] #587,451
kook !!b4KbSydQS joined in and replied with this 11 years ago, 6 minutes later, 6 hours after the original post[^] [v] #587,454
It'll look good when it grows out a bit
Anonymous E replied with this 11 years ago, 39 minutes later, 7 hours after the original post[^] [v] #587,465
Matt, what do you use to stop going grey?
DasSheeple joined in and replied with this 11 years ago, 46 minutes later, 7 hours after the original post[^] [v] #587,467
Fuck, to you have a terminal illness, you don't look too good to be honest.
Also, wtf is with that shirt? Did you bath in hot metal sparks and the burned through your shirt or do you have a huge issue with moles?
Also, wtf is with that shirt? Did you bath in hot metal sparks and the burned through your shirt or do you have a huge issue with moles?
Anonymous I joined in and replied with this 11 years ago, 37 minutes later, 8 hours after the original post[^] [v] #587,469
Catherine !TGirlYJKXM joined in and replied with this 11 years ago, 13 minutes later, 8 hours after the original post[^] [v] #587,471
Can someone photoshop Roman armor onto you?
Because you look like a legionnaire.
Because you look like a legionnaire.
Killer Lettuce !!iNo3FkiZx replied with this 11 years ago, 52 seconds later, 8 hours after the original post[^] [v] #587,472
Catherine !TGirlYJKXM replied with this 11 years ago, 7 minutes later, 8 hours after the original post[^] [v] #587,474
Killer Lettuce !!iNo3FkiZx replied with this 11 years ago, 2 minutes later, 8 hours after the original post[^] [v] #587,475
kook !!b4KbSydQS replied with this 11 years ago, 7 minutes later, 9 hours after the original post[^] [v] #587,477
Catherine !TGirlYJKXM replied with this 11 years ago, 19 minutes later, 9 hours after the original post[^] [v] #587,483
@previous (kook !!b4KbSydQS)
You haven't seen that yet? I'm a little surprised as I've posted it here before.
And in fact, here was where I discovered it too. ;-)
You haven't seen that yet? I'm a little surprised as I've posted it here before.
And in fact, here was where I discovered it too. ;-)
Anonymous I replied with this 11 years ago, 1 hour later, 10 hours after the original post[^] [v] #587,500
Catherine !TGirlYJKXM replied with this 11 years ago, 3 minutes later, 10 hours after the original post[^] [v] #587,501
Anonymous K joined in and replied with this 11 years ago, 5 hours later, 16 hours after the original post[^] [v] #587,572
Narcissism
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Egocentrism.
Narcissus (1590s) by Caravaggio (Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Rome)
Narcissism is the pursuit of gratification from vanity or egotistic admiration of one's own attributes. The term originated from the Greek mythology, where the young Narcissus fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water.
Narcissism is a concept in psychoanalytic theory, which was introduced in Sigmund Freud's essay On Narcissism (1914). The American Psychiatric Association has had the classification narcissistic personality disorder in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) since 1968, drawing on the historical concept of megalomania.
Narcissism is also considered a social or cultural problem. It is a factor in trait theory used in some self-report inventories of personality such as the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. It is one of the three dark triadic personality traits (the others being psychopathy and Machiavellianism).
Except in the sense of primary narcissism or healthy self-love, narcissism is usually considered a problem in a person's or group's relationships with self and others. Narcissism is not the same as egocentrism.
Contents
1 History
2 Traits and signs
2.1 Hotchkiss' seven deadly sins of narcissism
3 Clinical and research aspects
3.1 Narcissistic personality disorder
3.2 Healthy narcissism
3.2.1 A required element within normal development
3.2.2 In relation to the pathological condition
3.3 Commonly used measures
3.3.1 Narcissistic Personality Inventory
3.3.2 The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
3.4 Empirical studies
3.5 Heritability of narcissism utilizing twin studies
3.6 Stigmatising attitude of narcissists to psychiatric illness
3.7 Narcissism in evolutionary psychology
4 Narcissistic supply
5 Narcissistic rage and narcissistic injury
6 Narcissistic defences
7 Narcissistic abuse
8 Types
8.1 Masterson's subtypes (exhibitionist and closet)
8.2 Millon's variations
8.3 Other forms of narcissism
8.3.1 Acquired situational narcissism
8.3.2 Aggressive narcissism
8.3.3 Codependency
8.3.4 Collective or group narcissism
8.3.5 Conversational narcissism
8.3.6 Cultural narcissism
8.3.7 Destructive narcissism
8.3.8 Malignant narcissism
8.3.9 Medical narcissism
8.3.10 Narcissism in the workplace
8.3.11 Primordial narcissism
8.3.12 Sexual narcissism
8.4 Narcissistic parents
8.5 Narcissistic leadership
9 Popular culture
9.1 Fictional narcissists
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of narcissism
The term "narcissism" comes from the Greek myth of Νάρκισσος, or in Latin Narcissus, a handsome Greek youth who rejected according to Ovid the desperate advances of the nymph Echo. These advances eventually led Narcissus to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of water. Unable to consummate his love, Narcissus "lay gazing enraptured into the pool, hour after hour," and finally changed into a flower that bears his name, the narcissus.[1]
The concept of excessive selfishness has been recognized throughout history. In ancient Greece the concept was understood as hubris. It is only in recent times that it has been defined in psychological terms.
In 1752 Jean-Jacques Rousseau's play Narcissus: or the Self-Admirer was performed in Paris
In 1898 Havelock Ellis, an English sexologist, used the term "Narcissus-like" in reference to excessive masturbation, whereby the person becomes his or her own sex object[2]
In 1899, Paul Näcke was the first person to use the term "narcissism" in a study of sexual perversions
Otto Rank in 1911 published the first psychoanalytical paper specifically concerned with narcissism, linking it to vanity and self-admiration[2]
Sigmund Freud published a paper exclusively devoted to narcissism in 1914 called On Narcissism: An Introduction[3]
In 1923, Martin Buber published an essay "Ich und Du" (I and You), in which he pointed out that our narcissism often leads us to relate to others as objects instead of as equals
Since 2000, on psychological tests designed to detect narcissism, the scores of residents of the United States have continually increased. Psychologists have suggested a link to social networking.[4]
Traits and signs[edit]
Life is a stage, and when the curtain falls upon an act, it is finished and forgotten. The emptiness of such a life is beyond imagination.[5]
“”
—Alexander Lowen, describing
the existence of a narcissist
Four dimensions of narcissism as a personality variable have been delineated: leadership/authority, superiority/arrogance, self-absorption/self-admiration, and exploitativeness/entitlement.[6]
A 2012 book on power-hungry narcissists suggests that narcissists typically display most, and sometimes all, of the following traits:[7]
An obvious self-focus in interpersonal exchanges
Problems in sustaining satisfying relationships
A lack of psychological awareness (see insight in psychology and psychiatry, egosyntonic)
Difficulty with empathy
Problems distinguishing the self from others (see narcissism and boundaries)
Hypersensitivity to any insults or imagined insults (see criticism and narcissists, narcissistic rage and narcissistic injury)
Vulnerability to shame rather than guilt
Haughty body language
Flattery towards people who admire and affirm them (narcissistic supply)
Detesting those who do not admire them (narcissistic abuse)
Using other people without considering the cost of doing so
Pretending to be more important than they really are
Bragging (subtly but persistently) and exaggerating their achievements
Claiming to be an "expert" at many things
Inability to view the world from the perspective of other people
Denial of remorse and gratitude
These criteria have been criticized because they presume a knowledge of intention (for example, the phrase "pretending to be").[8] Behavior is observable, but intention is not. Thus classification requires assumptions which need to be tested before they can be asserted as fact, especially considering multiple explanations could be made as to why a person exhibits these behaviors.
Hotchkiss' seven deadly sins of narcissism[edit]
Hotchkiss identified what she called the seven deadly sins of narcissism:[9]
Shamelessness: Shame is the feeling that lurks beneath all unhealthy narcissism, and the inability to process shame in healthy ways.
Magical thinking: Narcissists see themselves as perfect, using distortion and illusion known as magical thinking. They also use projection to dump shame onto others.
Arrogance: A narcissist who is feeling deflated may reinflate by diminishing, debasing, or degrading somebody else.
Envy: A narcissist may secure a sense of superiority in the face of another person's ability by using contempt to minimize the other person.
Entitlement: Narcissists hold unreasonable expectations of particularly favorable treatment and automatic compliance because they consider themselves special. Failure to comply is considered an attack on their superiority, and the perpetrator is considered an "awkward" or "difficult" person. Defiance of their will is a narcissistic injury that can trigger narcissistic rage.
Exploitation: Can take many forms but always involves the exploitation of others without regard for their feelings or interests. Often the other is in a subservient position where resistance would be difficult or even impossible. Sometimes the subservience is not so much real as assumed.
Bad boundaries: Narcissists do not recognize that they have boundaries and that others are separate and are not extensions of themselves. Others either exist to meet their needs or may as well not exist at all. Those who provide narcissistic supply to the narcissist are treated as if they are part of the narcissist and are expected to live up to those expectations. In the mind of a narcissist, there is no boundary between self and other.
Clinical and research aspects[edit]
Narcissistic personality disorder[edit]
Main article: Narcissistic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder affects 1% of the population.[2][10]
Although most individuals have some narcissistic traits, high levels of narcissism can manifest themselves in a pathological form as narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), whereby the patient overestimates his or her abilities and has an excessive need for admiration and affirmation. A revision of NPD took place in the DSM 5. In this revision, NPD saw dramatic changes to its definition. The general move towards a dimensional (personality trait-based) view of the Personality Disorders has been maintained.
Some may have a limited or minimal capability of experiencing emotions.[11]
Healthy narcissism[edit]
Main article: Healthy narcissism
Healthy narcissism is a structural truthfulness of the self, achievement of self and object constancy, synchronization between the self and the superego and a balance between libidinal and aggressive drives (the ability to receive gratification from others and the drive for impulse expression). Healthy narcissism forms a constant, realistic self-interest and mature goals and principles and an ability to form deep object relations.[12] A feature related to healthy narcissism is the feeling of greatness. This is the antithesis of insecurity or inadequacy.
A required element within normal development[edit]
Healthy narcissism might exist in all individuals. Freud says that this is an original state from which the individual develops the love object. He argues that healthy narcissism is an essential part of normal development.[3] According to Freud the love of the parents for their child and their attitude toward their child could be seen as a revival and reproduction of their own narcissism.[3] The child has an omnipotence of thought; the parents stimulate that feeling because in their child they see the things that they have never reached themselves. Compared to neutral observations, the parents tend to overvalue the qualities of their child. When parents act in an extreme opposite style and the child is rejected or inconsistently reinforced depending on the mood of the parent, the self-needs of the child are not met.[citation needed]
Karen Horney saw the narcissistic personality as the product of a certain kind of early environment molding a certain kind of temperament. She did not see narcissistic needs and tendencies as inherent in human nature.[13]
In relation to the pathological condition[edit]
Healthy narcissism has to do with a strong feeling of "own love" protecting the human being against illness. Eventually, however, the individual must love the other, "the object love to not become ill." The individual becomes ill as a result of the frustration created when he is unable to love the object.[14] In pathological narcissism such as the narcissistic personality disorder, the person’s libido has been withdrawn from objects in the world and produces megalomania. The clinical theorists Kernberg, Kohut and Millon all see pathological narcissism as a possible outcome in response to unempathic and inconsistent early childhood interactions. They suggested that narcissists try to compensate in adult relationships.[15] The pathological condition of narcissism is, as Freud suggested, a magnified, extreme manifestation of healthy narcissism.
With regard to the condition of healthy narcissism, it is suggested that this is correlated with good psychological health. Self-esteem works as a mediator between narcissism and psychological health. Therefore, because of their elevated self-esteem, deriving from self-perceptions of competence and likability, high narcissists are relatively free of worry and gloom.[16] Other researchers suggested that healthy narcissism cannot be seen as ‘good’ or ‘bad’; however, it depends on the contexts and outcomes being measured. In certain social contexts such as initiating social relationships, and with certain outcome variables, such as feeling good about oneself, healthy narcissism can be helpful. In other contexts, such as maintaining long-term relationships and with other outcome variables, such as accurate self-knowledge, healthy narcissism can be unhelpful.[17]
Commonly used measures[edit]
Narcissistic Personality Inventory[edit]
Main article: Narcissistic Personality Inventory
The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) is the most widely used measure of narcissism in social psychological research. Although several versions of the NPI have been proposed in the literature, a forty-item forced-choice version (Raskin & Terry, 1988) is the one most commonly employed in current research. The NPI is based on the DSM-III clinical criteria for narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), although it was designed to measure these features in the general population. Thus, the NPI is often said to measure "normal" or "subclinical" (borderline) narcissism (i.e., in people who score very high on the NPI do not necessarily meet criteria for diagnosis with NPD).
The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory[edit]
Main article: Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) is a widely used diagnostic test developed by Theodore Millon. The MCMI includes a scale for Narcissism. Auerbach compared the NPI and MCMI and found them well correlated, r(146) = 0.55, p < 0.001.[18] It should be noted that whereas the MCMI measures narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), the NPI measures narcissism as it occurs in the general population. In other words, the NPI measures "normal" narcissism; i.e., most people who score very high on the NPI do not have NPD. Indeed, the NPI does not capture any sort of narcissism taxon as would be expected if it measured NPD.[19]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Not to be confused with Egocentrism.
Narcissus (1590s) by Caravaggio (Galleria Nazionale d'Arte Antica, Rome)
Narcissism is the pursuit of gratification from vanity or egotistic admiration of one's own attributes. The term originated from the Greek mythology, where the young Narcissus fell in love with his own image reflected in a pool of water.
Narcissism is a concept in psychoanalytic theory, which was introduced in Sigmund Freud's essay On Narcissism (1914). The American Psychiatric Association has had the classification narcissistic personality disorder in its Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM) since 1968, drawing on the historical concept of megalomania.
Narcissism is also considered a social or cultural problem. It is a factor in trait theory used in some self-report inventories of personality such as the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory. It is one of the three dark triadic personality traits (the others being psychopathy and Machiavellianism).
Except in the sense of primary narcissism or healthy self-love, narcissism is usually considered a problem in a person's or group's relationships with self and others. Narcissism is not the same as egocentrism.
Contents
1 History
2 Traits and signs
2.1 Hotchkiss' seven deadly sins of narcissism
3 Clinical and research aspects
3.1 Narcissistic personality disorder
3.2 Healthy narcissism
3.2.1 A required element within normal development
3.2.2 In relation to the pathological condition
3.3 Commonly used measures
3.3.1 Narcissistic Personality Inventory
3.3.2 The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
3.4 Empirical studies
3.5 Heritability of narcissism utilizing twin studies
3.6 Stigmatising attitude of narcissists to psychiatric illness
3.7 Narcissism in evolutionary psychology
4 Narcissistic supply
5 Narcissistic rage and narcissistic injury
6 Narcissistic defences
7 Narcissistic abuse
8 Types
8.1 Masterson's subtypes (exhibitionist and closet)
8.2 Millon's variations
8.3 Other forms of narcissism
8.3.1 Acquired situational narcissism
8.3.2 Aggressive narcissism
8.3.3 Codependency
8.3.4 Collective or group narcissism
8.3.5 Conversational narcissism
8.3.6 Cultural narcissism
8.3.7 Destructive narcissism
8.3.8 Malignant narcissism
8.3.9 Medical narcissism
8.3.10 Narcissism in the workplace
8.3.11 Primordial narcissism
8.3.12 Sexual narcissism
8.4 Narcissistic parents
8.5 Narcissistic leadership
9 Popular culture
9.1 Fictional narcissists
10 See also
11 References
12 Further reading
13 External links
History[edit]
Main article: History of narcissism
The term "narcissism" comes from the Greek myth of Νάρκισσος, or in Latin Narcissus, a handsome Greek youth who rejected according to Ovid the desperate advances of the nymph Echo. These advances eventually led Narcissus to fall in love with his own reflection in a pool of water. Unable to consummate his love, Narcissus "lay gazing enraptured into the pool, hour after hour," and finally changed into a flower that bears his name, the narcissus.[1]
The concept of excessive selfishness has been recognized throughout history. In ancient Greece the concept was understood as hubris. It is only in recent times that it has been defined in psychological terms.
In 1752 Jean-Jacques Rousseau's play Narcissus: or the Self-Admirer was performed in Paris
In 1898 Havelock Ellis, an English sexologist, used the term "Narcissus-like" in reference to excessive masturbation, whereby the person becomes his or her own sex object[2]
In 1899, Paul Näcke was the first person to use the term "narcissism" in a study of sexual perversions
Otto Rank in 1911 published the first psychoanalytical paper specifically concerned with narcissism, linking it to vanity and self-admiration[2]
Sigmund Freud published a paper exclusively devoted to narcissism in 1914 called On Narcissism: An Introduction[3]
In 1923, Martin Buber published an essay "Ich und Du" (I and You), in which he pointed out that our narcissism often leads us to relate to others as objects instead of as equals
Since 2000, on psychological tests designed to detect narcissism, the scores of residents of the United States have continually increased. Psychologists have suggested a link to social networking.[4]
Traits and signs[edit]
Life is a stage, and when the curtain falls upon an act, it is finished and forgotten. The emptiness of such a life is beyond imagination.[5]
“”
—Alexander Lowen, describing
the existence of a narcissist
Four dimensions of narcissism as a personality variable have been delineated: leadership/authority, superiority/arrogance, self-absorption/self-admiration, and exploitativeness/entitlement.[6]
A 2012 book on power-hungry narcissists suggests that narcissists typically display most, and sometimes all, of the following traits:[7]
An obvious self-focus in interpersonal exchanges
Problems in sustaining satisfying relationships
A lack of psychological awareness (see insight in psychology and psychiatry, egosyntonic)
Difficulty with empathy
Problems distinguishing the self from others (see narcissism and boundaries)
Hypersensitivity to any insults or imagined insults (see criticism and narcissists, narcissistic rage and narcissistic injury)
Vulnerability to shame rather than guilt
Haughty body language
Flattery towards people who admire and affirm them (narcissistic supply)
Detesting those who do not admire them (narcissistic abuse)
Using other people without considering the cost of doing so
Pretending to be more important than they really are
Bragging (subtly but persistently) and exaggerating their achievements
Claiming to be an "expert" at many things
Inability to view the world from the perspective of other people
Denial of remorse and gratitude
These criteria have been criticized because they presume a knowledge of intention (for example, the phrase "pretending to be").[8] Behavior is observable, but intention is not. Thus classification requires assumptions which need to be tested before they can be asserted as fact, especially considering multiple explanations could be made as to why a person exhibits these behaviors.
Hotchkiss' seven deadly sins of narcissism[edit]
Hotchkiss identified what she called the seven deadly sins of narcissism:[9]
Shamelessness: Shame is the feeling that lurks beneath all unhealthy narcissism, and the inability to process shame in healthy ways.
Magical thinking: Narcissists see themselves as perfect, using distortion and illusion known as magical thinking. They also use projection to dump shame onto others.
Arrogance: A narcissist who is feeling deflated may reinflate by diminishing, debasing, or degrading somebody else.
Envy: A narcissist may secure a sense of superiority in the face of another person's ability by using contempt to minimize the other person.
Entitlement: Narcissists hold unreasonable expectations of particularly favorable treatment and automatic compliance because they consider themselves special. Failure to comply is considered an attack on their superiority, and the perpetrator is considered an "awkward" or "difficult" person. Defiance of their will is a narcissistic injury that can trigger narcissistic rage.
Exploitation: Can take many forms but always involves the exploitation of others without regard for their feelings or interests. Often the other is in a subservient position where resistance would be difficult or even impossible. Sometimes the subservience is not so much real as assumed.
Bad boundaries: Narcissists do not recognize that they have boundaries and that others are separate and are not extensions of themselves. Others either exist to meet their needs or may as well not exist at all. Those who provide narcissistic supply to the narcissist are treated as if they are part of the narcissist and are expected to live up to those expectations. In the mind of a narcissist, there is no boundary between self and other.
Clinical and research aspects[edit]
Narcissistic personality disorder[edit]
Main article: Narcissistic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder affects 1% of the population.[2][10]
Although most individuals have some narcissistic traits, high levels of narcissism can manifest themselves in a pathological form as narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), whereby the patient overestimates his or her abilities and has an excessive need for admiration and affirmation. A revision of NPD took place in the DSM 5. In this revision, NPD saw dramatic changes to its definition. The general move towards a dimensional (personality trait-based) view of the Personality Disorders has been maintained.
Some may have a limited or minimal capability of experiencing emotions.[11]
Healthy narcissism[edit]
Main article: Healthy narcissism
Healthy narcissism is a structural truthfulness of the self, achievement of self and object constancy, synchronization between the self and the superego and a balance between libidinal and aggressive drives (the ability to receive gratification from others and the drive for impulse expression). Healthy narcissism forms a constant, realistic self-interest and mature goals and principles and an ability to form deep object relations.[12] A feature related to healthy narcissism is the feeling of greatness. This is the antithesis of insecurity or inadequacy.
A required element within normal development[edit]
Healthy narcissism might exist in all individuals. Freud says that this is an original state from which the individual develops the love object. He argues that healthy narcissism is an essential part of normal development.[3] According to Freud the love of the parents for their child and their attitude toward their child could be seen as a revival and reproduction of their own narcissism.[3] The child has an omnipotence of thought; the parents stimulate that feeling because in their child they see the things that they have never reached themselves. Compared to neutral observations, the parents tend to overvalue the qualities of their child. When parents act in an extreme opposite style and the child is rejected or inconsistently reinforced depending on the mood of the parent, the self-needs of the child are not met.[citation needed]
Karen Horney saw the narcissistic personality as the product of a certain kind of early environment molding a certain kind of temperament. She did not see narcissistic needs and tendencies as inherent in human nature.[13]
In relation to the pathological condition[edit]
Healthy narcissism has to do with a strong feeling of "own love" protecting the human being against illness. Eventually, however, the individual must love the other, "the object love to not become ill." The individual becomes ill as a result of the frustration created when he is unable to love the object.[14] In pathological narcissism such as the narcissistic personality disorder, the person’s libido has been withdrawn from objects in the world and produces megalomania. The clinical theorists Kernberg, Kohut and Millon all see pathological narcissism as a possible outcome in response to unempathic and inconsistent early childhood interactions. They suggested that narcissists try to compensate in adult relationships.[15] The pathological condition of narcissism is, as Freud suggested, a magnified, extreme manifestation of healthy narcissism.
With regard to the condition of healthy narcissism, it is suggested that this is correlated with good psychological health. Self-esteem works as a mediator between narcissism and psychological health. Therefore, because of their elevated self-esteem, deriving from self-perceptions of competence and likability, high narcissists are relatively free of worry and gloom.[16] Other researchers suggested that healthy narcissism cannot be seen as ‘good’ or ‘bad’; however, it depends on the contexts and outcomes being measured. In certain social contexts such as initiating social relationships, and with certain outcome variables, such as feeling good about oneself, healthy narcissism can be helpful. In other contexts, such as maintaining long-term relationships and with other outcome variables, such as accurate self-knowledge, healthy narcissism can be unhelpful.[17]
Commonly used measures[edit]
Narcissistic Personality Inventory[edit]
Main article: Narcissistic Personality Inventory
The Narcissistic Personality Inventory (NPI) is the most widely used measure of narcissism in social psychological research. Although several versions of the NPI have been proposed in the literature, a forty-item forced-choice version (Raskin & Terry, 1988) is the one most commonly employed in current research. The NPI is based on the DSM-III clinical criteria for narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), although it was designed to measure these features in the general population. Thus, the NPI is often said to measure "normal" or "subclinical" (borderline) narcissism (i.e., in people who score very high on the NPI do not necessarily meet criteria for diagnosis with NPD).
The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory[edit]
Main article: Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory
The Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI) is a widely used diagnostic test developed by Theodore Millon. The MCMI includes a scale for Narcissism. Auerbach compared the NPI and MCMI and found them well correlated, r(146) = 0.55, p < 0.001.[18] It should be noted that whereas the MCMI measures narcissistic personality disorder (NPD), the NPI measures narcissism as it occurs in the general population. In other words, the NPI measures "normal" narcissism; i.e., most people who score very high on the NPI do not have NPD. Indeed, the NPI does not capture any sort of narcissism taxon as would be expected if it measured NPD.[19]
